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Abstract

Cloud environments are increasingly managed by Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) platforms (e.g., Terraform), which allow developers to define their desired infrastructure as a configuration program that describes cloud resources and their dependencies. This shields developers from low-level operations for creating and maintaining resources, since they are automatically performed by IaC platforms when compiling and deploying the configuration. However, while IaC platforms are rigorously tested for initial deployments, they exhibit myriad errors for runtime updates, e.g., adding/removing resources and dependencies. IaC updates are common because cloud infrastructures are long-lived but user requirements fluctuate over time. Unfortunately, our experience shows that updates often introduce subtle yet impactful bugs. The update logic in IaC frameworks is hard to test due to the vast and evolving search space, which includes diverse infrastructure setups and a wide range of provided resources with new ones frequently added. We introduce TerraFault, an automated, efficient, LLM-guided system for discovering update bugs, and report our findings with an initial prototype. TerraFault incorporates various optimizations to navigate the large search space efficiently and employs techniques to accelerate the testing process. Our prototype has successfully identified bugs even in simple IaC updates, showing early promise in systematically identifying update bugs in today’s IaC frameworks to increase their reliability.

Figure 1: Terrafault Workflow. IaC programs are transformed into resource dependency graphs, mutated into graph variants (snapshots), and sampled to generate state transition candidates. Terrafault tests these candidates, logs failures in the bug store, and uses an LLM agent to reorder untested candidates, enhancing bug discovery during runtime.

Citation

Yiming Xiang, Zhenning Yang, Jingjia Peng, Hermann Bauer, Patrick Tser Jern Kon, Yiming Qiu, and Ang Chen. “Automated Bug Discovery in Cloud Infrastructure-as-Code Updates with LLM Agents.” 6th International Workshop on Cloud Intelligence / AIOps (AIOps ‘25).